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Introduction: Understanding Extreme ToxicityThroughout history, certain minerals and chemical compounds have demonstrated extraordinary toxicity, capable of causing severe illness or death even at minimal exposure levels. Toxicity depends on dose,…

Hard-to-abate sectors like cement, steel, chemicals, refining, and heavy transport generate a significant portion of worldwide industrial emissions. High-temperature heat, chemical reactions, or fossil-derived inputs underpin these industries, making direct…

Perovskite solar cells are a class of photovoltaic devices that employ a perovskite-structured compound as their light-harvesting layer. Throughout the past ten years, these systems have evolved from experimental laboratory…